json-c/README.md

\mainpage

json-c
========

1. [Overview and Build Status](#overview)
2. [Getting Help](#gettinghelp)
3. [Building on Unix](#buildunix)
    * [Prerequisites](#installprereq)
    * [Build commands](#buildcmds)
4. [CMake options](#CMake)
5. [Testing](#testing)
6. [Building with `vcpkg`](#buildvcpkg)
7. [Building for Android](#android)
7. [Linking to libjson-c](#linking)
8. [Using json-c](#using)

<a name="overview"></a>
JSON-C - A JSON implementation in C
-----------------------------------

JSON-C implements a reference counting object model that allows you to easily
construct JSON objects in C, output them as JSON formatted strings and parse
JSON formatted strings back into the C representation of JSON objects.
It aims to conform to [RFC 8259](https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8259).

Skip down to [Using json-c](#using)
or check out the [API docs](https://json-c.github.io/json-c/),
if you already have json-c installed and ready to use.

Home page for json-c: https://github.com/json-c/json-c/wiki

<a name="gettinghelp"></a>
Getting Help
------------

If you have questions about using json-c, please start a thread on
our forums at: https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/json-c

If you believe you've discovered a bug, report it at 
(https://github.com/json-c/json-c/issues).  Please be sure to include
the version of json-c you're using, the OS you're running on, and any
other relevant details.  Fully reproducible test cases and/or patches
to fix problems are greatly appreciated.

Fixes for bugs, or small new features can be directly submitted as a 
[pull request](https://github.com/json-c/json-c/pulls).  For major new
features or large changes of any kind, please first start a discussion
on the [forums](https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/json-c).


<a name="buildunix"></a>
Building on Unix with `git`, `gcc` and `cmake`
--------------------------------------------------

If you already have json-c installed, see [Linking to `libjson-c`](#linking)
for how to build and link your program against it.

Build Status
* [AppVeyor Build](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/hawicz/json-c) ![AppVeyor Build Status](https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/github/json-c/json-c?branch=master&svg=true)
* [Travis Build](https://app.travis-ci.com/github/json-c/json-c) ![Travis Build Status](https://api.travis-ci.com/json-c/json-c.svg?branch=master)

Test Status
* [Coveralls](https://coveralls.io/github/json-c/json-c?branch=master) [![Coverage Status](https://coveralls.io/repos/github/json-c/json-c/badge.svg?branch=master)](https://coveralls.io/github/json-c/json-c?branch=master)

<a name="installprereq"></a>
### Prerequisites:

 - `gcc`, `clang`, or another C compiler

 - `cmake>=2.8`, `>=3.16` recommended, `cmake=>3.1` for tests

To generate docs you'll also need:
 - `doxygen>=1.8.13`

If you are on a relatively modern system, you'll likely be able to install
the prerequisites using your OS's packaging system.

### Install using apt (e.g. Ubuntu 16.04.2 LTS)
```sh
sudo apt install git
sudo apt install cmake
sudo apt install doxygen  # optional
sudo apt install valgrind # optional
```

<a name="buildcmds"></a>
### Build instructions:

`json-c` GitHub repo: https://github.com/json-c/json-c

```sh
$ git clone https://github.com/json-c/json-c.git
$ mkdir json-c-build
$ cd json-c-build
$ cmake ../json-c   # See CMake section below for custom arguments
```

Note: it's also possible to put your build directory inside the json-c
source directory, or even not use a separate build directory at all, but
certain things might not work quite right (notably, `make distcheck`)

Then:

```sh
$ make
$ make test
$ make USE_VALGRIND=0 test   # optionally skip using valgrind
$ sudo make install          # it could be necessary to execute make install
```


### Generating documentation with Doxygen:

The library documentation can be generated directly from the source code using Doxygen tool:

```sh
# in build directory
make doc
google-chrome doc/html/index.html
```


<a name="CMake"></a>
CMake Options
--------------------

The json-c library is built with [CMake](https://cmake.org/cmake-tutorial/),
which can take a few options.

Variable                     | Type   | Description
-----------------------------|--------|--------------
CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX         | String | The install location.
CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE             | String | Defaults to "debug".
BUILD_SHARED_LIBS            | Bool   | The default build generates a dynamic (dll/so) library.  Set this to OFF to create a static library only.
BUILD_STATIC_LIBS            | Bool   | The default build generates a static (lib/a) library.  Set this to OFF to create a shared library only.
DISABLE_STATIC_FPIC          | Bool   | The default builds position independent code.  Set this to OFF to create a shared library only.
DISABLE_BSYMBOLIC            | Bool   | Disable use of -Bsymbolic-functions.
DISABLE_THREAD_LOCAL_STORAGE | Bool   | Disable use of Thread-Local Storage (HAVE___THREAD).
DISABLE_WERROR               | Bool   | Disable use of -Werror.
DISABLE_EXTRA_LIBS           | Bool   | Disable use of extra libraries, libbsd
DISABLE_JSON_POINTER         | Bool   | Omit json_pointer support from the build.
ENABLE_RDRAND                | Bool   | Enable RDRAND Hardware RNG Hash Seed.
ENABLE_THREADING             | Bool   | Enable partial threading support.
OVERRIDE_GET_RANDOM_SEED     | String | A block of code to use instead of the default implementation of json_c_get_random_seed(), e.g. on embedded platforms where not even the fallback to time() works.  Must be a single line.

Pass these options as `-D` on CMake's command-line.

```sh
# build a static library only
cmake -DBUILD_SHARED_LIBS=OFF ..
```

### Building with partial threading support

Although json-c does not support fully multi-threaded access to
object trees, it has some code to help make its use in threaded programs
a bit safer.  Currently, this is limited to using atomic operations for
json_object_get() and json_object_put().

Since this may have a performance impact, of at least 3x slower
according to https://stackoverflow.com/a/11609063, it is disabled by
default.  You may turn it on by adjusting your cmake command with:
   -DENABLE_THREADING=ON

Separately, the default hash function used for object field keys,
lh_char_hash, uses a compare-and-swap operation to ensure the random
seed is only generated once.  Because this is a one-time operation, it
is always compiled in when the compare-and-swap operation is available.


### cmake-configure wrapper script

For those familiar with the old autoconf/autogen.sh/configure method,
there is a `cmake-configure` wrapper script to ease the transition to cmake.

```sh
mkdir build
cd build
../cmake-configure --prefix=/some/install/path
make
```

cmake-configure can take a few options.

| options | Description|
| ---- | ---- |
| prefix=PREFIX |  install architecture-independent files in PREFIX |
| enable-threading |  Enable code to support partly multi-threaded use |
| enable-rdrand | Enable RDRAND Hardware RNG Hash Seed generation on supported x86/x64 platforms. |
| enable-shared  |  build shared libraries [default=yes] |
| enable-static  |  build static libraries [default=yes] |
| disable-Bsymbolic |  Avoid linking with -Bsymbolic-function |
| disable-werror |  Avoid treating compiler warnings as fatal errors |


<a name="testing"></a>
Testing:
----------

By default, if valgrind is available running tests uses it.
That can slow the tests down considerably, so to disable it use:
```sh
export USE_VALGRIND=0
```

To run tests a separate build directory is recommended:
```sh
mkdir build-test
cd build-test
# VALGRIND=1 causes -DVALGRIND=1 to be passed when compiling code
# which uses slightly slower, but valgrind-safe code.
VALGRIND=1 cmake ..
make

make test
# By default, if valgrind is available running tests uses it.
make USE_VALGRIND=0 test   # optionally skip using valgrind
```

If a test fails, check `Testing/Temporary/LastTest.log`,
`tests/testSubDir/${testname}/${testname}.vg.out`, and other similar files.
If there is insufficient output try:
```sh
VERBOSE=1 CTEST_OUTPUT_ON_FAILURE=1 make test
```
or
```sh
JSONC_TEST_TRACE=1 make test
```
and check the log files again.


<a name="buildvcpkg"></a>
Building on Unix and Windows with `vcpkg`
--------------------------------------------------

You can download and install JSON-C using the [vcpkg](https://github.com/Microsoft/vcpkg/) dependency manager:

    git clone https://github.com/Microsoft/vcpkg.git
    cd vcpkg
    ./bootstrap-vcpkg.sh
    ./vcpkg integrate install
    vcpkg install json-c

The JSON-C port in vcpkg is kept up to date by Microsoft team members and community contributors. If the version is out of date, please [create an issue or pull request](https://github.com/Microsoft/vcpkg) on the vcpkg repository.

<a name="android">
Building for Android
----------------------

Building on Android is now particularly well supported, but there
have been some reports of success using
https://developer.android.com/ndk/guides/cmake

```
mkdir json-c-build
cd json-c-build/
export NDK_HOME=~/Library/Android/sdk/ndk/22.1.7171670/
cmake \
    --toolchain=$NDK_HOME/build/cmake/android.toolchain.cmake \
    -DANDROID_STL=none \
    -DANDROID_ABI=arm64-v8a \
    -DANDROID_PLATFORM=android-29 \
    -DANDROID_LD=lld \
    -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=MinSizeRel \
    -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=<install prefix> \
    -DENABLE_THREADING=true \
    ..
make install
```

<a name="linking">
Linking to `libjson-c`
----------------------

If your system has `pkgconfig`,
then you can just add this to your `makefile`:

```make
CFLAGS += $(shell pkg-config --cflags json-c)
LDFLAGS += $(shell pkg-config --libs json-c)
```

Without `pkgconfig`, you might do something like this:

```make
JSON_C_DIR=/path/to/json_c/install
CFLAGS += -I$(JSON_C_DIR)/include/json-c
# Or to use lines like: #include <json-c/json_object.h>
#CFLAGS += -I$(JSON_C_DIR)/include
LDFLAGS+= -L$(JSON_C_DIR)/lib -ljson-c
```

If your project uses cmake:

* Add to your CMakeLists.txt file:

```cmake
find_package(json-c CONFIG)
target_link_libraries(${PROJECT_NAME} PRIVATE json-c::json-c)
```

* Then you might run in your project:

```sh
cd build
cmake -DCMAKE_PREFIX_PATH=/path/to/json_c/install/lib64/cmake ..
```

<a name="using">
Using json-c
------------

To use json-c you can either include json.h, or preferably, one of the
following more specific header files:

* json_object.h  - Core types and methods.
* json_tokener.h - Methods for parsing and serializing json-c object trees.
* json_pointer.h - JSON Pointer (RFC 6901) implementation for retrieving
                   objects from a json-c object tree.
* json_object_iterator.h - Methods for iterating over single json_object instances.  (See also `json_object_object_foreach()` in json_object.h)
* json_visit.h   - Methods for walking a tree of json-c objects.
* json_util.h    - Miscellaneous utility functions.

For a full list of headers see [files.html](https://json-c.github.io/json-c/json-c-current-release/doc/html/files.html)

The primary type in json-c is json_object.  It describes a reference counted
tree of json objects which are created by either parsing text with a
json_tokener (i.e. `json_tokener_parse_ex()`), or by creating
(with `json_object_new_object()`, `json_object_new_int()`, etc...) and adding
(with `json_object_object_add()`, `json_object_array_add()`, etc...) them 
individually.
Typically, every object in the tree will have one reference, from its parent.
When you are done with the tree of objects, you call json_object_put() on just
the root object to free it, which recurses down through any child objects
calling json_object_put() on each one of those in turn.

You can get a reference to a single child 
(`json_object_object_get()` or `json_object_array_get_idx()`)
and use that object as long as its parent is valid.  
If you need a child object to live longer than its parent, you can
increment the child's refcount (`json_object_get()`) to allow it to survive
the parent being freed or it being removed from its parent
(`json_object_object_del()` or `json_object_array_del_idx()`)

When parsing text, the json_tokener object is independent from the json_object
that it returns.  It can be allocated (`json_tokener_new()`)
used one or multiple times (`json_tokener_parse_ex()`, and
freed (`json_tokener_free()`) while the json_object objects live on.

A json_object tree can be serialized back into a string with 
`json_object_to_json_string_ext()`.  The string that is returned 
is only valid until the next "to_json_string" call on that same object.
Also, it is freed when the json_object is freed.