diff --git a/fastNLP/core/drivers/paddle_driver/fleet.py b/fastNLP/core/drivers/paddle_driver/fleet.py
index e5b2a06f..d09cacc1 100644
--- a/fastNLP/core/drivers/paddle_driver/fleet.py
+++ b/fastNLP/core/drivers/paddle_driver/fleet.py
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ from fastNLP.core.utils import (
     check_user_specific_params,
     is_in_paddle_dist,
     is_in_paddle_dist,
+    get_paddle_device_id,
 )
 from fastNLP.envs.distributed import rank_zero_rm
 from fastNLP.core.samplers import (
@@ -31,7 +32,12 @@ from fastNLP.core.samplers import (
     re_instantiate_sampler,
     conversion_between_reproducible_and_unrepeated_sampler,
 )
-from fastNLP.envs.env import FASTNLP_DISTRIBUTED_CHECK, FASTNLP_GLOBAL_SEED, FASTNLP_NO_SYNC
+from fastNLP.envs.env import (
+    FASTNLP_DISTRIBUTED_CHECK,
+    FASTNLP_GLOBAL_SEED,
+    FASTNLP_NO_SYNC,
+    USER_CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES,
+)
 from fastNLP.core.log import logger
 
 if _NEED_IMPORT_PADDLE:
@@ -51,7 +57,7 @@ class PaddleFleetDriver(PaddleDriver):
     def __init__(
             self, 
             model, 
-            parallel_device: Optional[Union[List[int], int]],
+            parallel_device: Optional[Union[List[str], str]],
             is_pull_by_paddle_run: bool = False,
             fp16: bool = False,
             **kwargs
@@ -185,6 +191,8 @@ class PaddleFleetDriver(PaddleDriver):
             不管是什么情况，`PaddleFleetDriver` 在 `setup` 函数的最后，都会将所有进程的 pid 主动记录下来，这样当一个进程出现 exception 后，
              driver 的 on_exception 函数就会被 trainer 调用，其会调用 os.kill 指令将其它进程 kill 掉；
         """
+        # if USER_CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES not in os.environ:
+        #     raise RuntimeError("To run paddle distributed training, please set `FASTNLP_BACKEND` to 'paddle' before using FastNLP.")
         super(PaddleFleetDriver, self).__init__(model, fp16=fp16, **kwargs)
 
         # 如果不是通过 launch 启动，要求用户必须传入 parallel_device
@@ -229,9 +237,9 @@ class PaddleFleetDriver(PaddleDriver):
                 self._data_device = f"gpu:{self._data_device}"
             elif not isinstance(self._data_device, str):
                 raise ValueError("Parameter `device` is wrong type, please check our documentation for the right use.")
-            if self.outside_fleet and paddle.device.get_device() != self._data_device:
-                logger.warning("`Parameter data_device` is not equal to paddle.deivce.get_device(), "
-                                "please keep them equal to avoid some potential bugs.")
+            # if self.outside_fleet and paddle.device.get_device() != self._data_device:
+            #     logger.warning("`Parameter data_device` is not equal to paddle.deivce.get_device(), "
+            #                     "please keep them equal to avoid some potential bugs.")
 
         self.world_size = None
         self.global_rank = 0
@@ -304,7 +312,8 @@ class PaddleFleetDriver(PaddleDriver):
             else:
                 # 已经设置过一次，保证参数必须是一样的
                 pre_gpus = os.environ[FASTNLP_DISTRIBUTED_CHECK]
-                pre_gpus = [int (x) for x in pre_gpus.split(",")]
+                pre_gpus = [int(x) for x in pre_gpus.split(",")]
+                cur_gpus = [get_paddle_device_id(g) for g in self.parallel_device]
                 if sorted(pre_gpus) != sorted(self.parallel_device):
                     raise RuntimeError("Notice you are using `PaddleFleetDriver` after one instantiated `PaddleFleetDriver`, it is not"
                                     "allowed that your second `PaddleFleetDriver` has a new setting of parameters `parallel_device`.")
diff --git a/fastNLP/core/drivers/paddle_driver/fleet_launcher.py b/fastNLP/core/drivers/paddle_driver/fleet_launcher.py
index ca341db5..b53680cc 100644
--- a/fastNLP/core/drivers/paddle_driver/fleet_launcher.py
+++ b/fastNLP/core/drivers/paddle_driver/fleet_launcher.py
@@ -11,11 +11,14 @@ from fastNLP.envs.env import (
     FASTNLP_LOG_LEVEL,
     FASTNLP_GLOBAL_SEED,
 )
+from fastNLP.core.utils import get_paddle_device_id
 from .utils import (
     find_free_ports,
     reset_seed,
 )
 
+__all__ = []
+
 # 记录各个进程信息
 class SubTrainer(object):
     """
@@ -34,11 +37,11 @@ class FleetLauncher:
     """
     def __init__(
         self,
-        devices: List[int],
+        devices: List[str],
         output_from_new_proc: str = "only_error"
     ):
 
-        self.devices = devices
+        self.devices = [ get_paddle_device_id(g) for g in devices]
         self.output_from_new_proc = output_from_new_proc
 
         self.setup()
diff --git a/fastNLP/core/drivers/paddle_driver/initialize_paddle_driver.py b/fastNLP/core/drivers/paddle_driver/initialize_paddle_driver.py
index 60e8afc0..aa1b2db5 100644
--- a/fastNLP/core/drivers/paddle_driver/initialize_paddle_driver.py
+++ b/fastNLP/core/drivers/paddle_driver/initialize_paddle_driver.py
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ from .single_device import PaddleSingleDriver
 from .fleet import PaddleFleetDriver
 
 from fastNLP.envs.imports import _NEED_IMPORT_PADDLE
-from fastNLP.core.utils import is_in_paddle_launch_dist
+from fastNLP.core.utils import is_in_paddle_launch_dist, get_paddle_gpu_str
 from fastNLP.core.log import logger
 
 if _NEED_IMPORT_PADDLE:
@@ -30,27 +30,28 @@ def initialize_paddle_driver(driver: str, device: Optional[Union[str, int, List[
     """
     if driver != "paddle":
         raise ValueError("When initialize PaddleDriver, parameter `driver` must be 'paddle'.")
+    user_visible_devices = os.getenv("USER_CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES")
     if is_in_paddle_launch_dist():
         if device is not None:
             logger.warning_once("Parameter `device` would be ignored when you are using `paddle.distributed.launch` to pull "
-                           "up your script. And we will directly get the local device via "
-                           "and `os.environ['CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES']``.")
-        device = [int(g) for g in os.environ["CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES"].split(",")]
-        # TODO 目前一个进程仅对应一个卡，所以暂时传入一个 int
+                           "up your script. And we will directly get the local device via environment variables.")
+        _visible_list = user_visible_devices.split(",")
+        device = [ f"gpu:{_visible_list.index(g) }" for g in os.environ["CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES"].split(",")]
+        # TODO 目前一个进程仅对应一个卡，所以暂时传入单个
         return PaddleFleetDriver(model, device[0], True, **kwargs)
 
-    user_visible_devices = os.getenv("USER_CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES")
     if user_visible_devices is None:
-        raise RuntimeError("`USER_CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES` cannot be None, please check if you have set "
-                            "`FASTNLP_BACKEND` to 'paddle' before using FastNLP.")
-    _could_use_device_num = len(user_visible_devices.split(","))
+        _could_use_device_num = paddle.device.cuda.device_count()
+    else:
+        _could_use_device_num = len(user_visible_devices.split(","))
+
     if isinstance(device, int):
         if device < 0 and device != -1:
             raise ValueError("Parameter `device` can only be '-1' when it is smaller than 0.")
         if device >= _could_use_device_num:
             raise ValueError("The gpu device that parameter `device` specifies is not existed.")
         if device == -1:
-            device = list(range(_could_use_device_num))
+            device = [ get_paddle_gpu_str(g) for g in range(_could_use_device_num)]
     elif isinstance(device, Sequence) and not isinstance(device, str):
         device = list(set(device))
         for each in device:
@@ -61,6 +62,7 @@ def initialize_paddle_driver(driver: str, device: Optional[Union[str, int, List[
             elif each >= _could_use_device_num:
                 raise ValueError("When parameter `device` is 'Sequence' type, the value in it should not be bigger than"
                                  " the available gpu number.")
+        device = [get_paddle_gpu_str(g) for g in device]
     elif device is not None and not isinstance(device, str):
         raise ValueError("Parameter `device` is wrong type, please check our documentation for the right use.")
     if isinstance(device, List):
diff --git a/fastNLP/core/drivers/paddle_driver/paddle_driver.py b/fastNLP/core/drivers/paddle_driver/paddle_driver.py
index 00b0da4e..cf35af3a 100644
--- a/fastNLP/core/drivers/paddle_driver/paddle_driver.py
+++ b/fastNLP/core/drivers/paddle_driver/paddle_driver.py
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ from dataclasses import dataclass
 
 import numpy as np
 
+from fastNLP.envs.env import USER_CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES
+
 from .utils import _build_fp16_env, optimizer_state_to_device, DummyGradScaler
 from fastNLP.envs.imports import _NEED_IMPORT_PADDLE
 from fastNLP.core.drivers.driver import Driver
@@ -369,7 +371,10 @@ class PaddleDriver(Driver):
 
         :return: 将移动到指定机器上的 batch 对象返回；
         """
-        device = get_device_from_visible(self.data_device)
+        if USER_CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES in os.environ:
+            device = get_device_from_visible(self.data_device)
+        else:
+            device = self.data_device
         return paddle_move_data_to_device(batch, device)
 
     @staticmethod
diff --git a/fastNLP/core/drivers/paddle_driver/single_device.py b/fastNLP/core/drivers/paddle_driver/single_device.py
index 69b58954..6d553fea 100644
--- a/fastNLP/core/drivers/paddle_driver/single_device.py
+++ b/fastNLP/core/drivers/paddle_driver/single_device.py
@@ -40,9 +40,6 @@ class PaddleSingleDriver(PaddleDriver):
             raise ValueError("`paddle.DataParallel` is not supported in `PaddleSingleDriver`")
 
         cuda_visible_devices = os.getenv(USER_CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES)
-        if cuda_visible_devices is None:
-            raise RuntimeError("`USER_CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES` cannot be None, please check if you have set "
-                            "`FASTNLP_BACKEND` to 'paddle' before using FastNLP.")
         if cuda_visible_devices == "":
             device = "cpu"
             logger.info("You have set `CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES` to '' in system environment variable, and we are gonna to"
@@ -54,11 +51,9 @@ class PaddleSingleDriver(PaddleDriver):
             raise ValueError("Parameter `device` can not be None in `PaddleSingleDriver`.")
 
         if device != "cpu":
-            if isinstance(device, int):
-                device_id = device
-            else:
-                device_id = get_paddle_device_id(device)
-            os.environ["CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES"] = cuda_visible_devices.split(",")[device_id]
+            device_id = get_paddle_device_id(device)
+            if cuda_visible_devices is not None:
+                os.environ["CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES"] = cuda_visible_devices.split(",")[device_id]
         self.model_device = get_paddle_gpu_str(device)
 
         self.local_rank = 0
@@ -69,7 +64,11 @@ class PaddleSingleDriver(PaddleDriver):
         r"""
         该函数用来初始化训练环境，用于设置当前训练的设备，并将模型迁移到对应设备上。
         """
-        device = get_device_from_visible(self.model_device, output_type=str)
+        if USER_CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES in os.environ:
+            device = get_device_from_visible(self.data_device)
+        else:
+            device = self.data_device
+
         paddle.device.set_device(device)
         with contextlib.redirect_stdout(None):
             self.model.to(device)
diff --git a/fastNLP/core/metrics/backend/paddle_backend/backend.py b/fastNLP/core/metrics/backend/paddle_backend/backend.py
index aa57bbc2..74cf6b82 100644
--- a/fastNLP/core/metrics/backend/paddle_backend/backend.py
+++ b/fastNLP/core/metrics/backend/paddle_backend/backend.py
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import os
 from typing import List, Any
 
 import numpy as np
@@ -7,6 +8,7 @@ from fastNLP.core.utils.paddle_utils import paddle_to, get_device_from_visible
 from fastNLP.core.metrics.utils import AggregateMethodError
 from fastNLP.core.drivers.paddle_driver.dist_utils import fastnlp_paddle_all_gather
 from fastNLP.envs.imports import _NEED_IMPORT_PADDLE
+from fastNLP.envs.env import USER_CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES
 
 if _NEED_IMPORT_PADDLE:
     import paddle
@@ -79,7 +81,8 @@ class PaddleBackend(Backend):
             raise ValueError(f"tensor: {tensor} can not convert to ndarray!")
 
     def move_tensor_to_device(self, tensor, device):
-        device = get_device_from_visible(device)
+        if USER_CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES in os.environ:
+            device = get_device_from_visible(device)
         return paddle_to(tensor, device)
 
     def all_gather_object(self, obj, group=None) -> List:
diff --git a/fastNLP/core/utils/paddle_utils.py b/fastNLP/core/utils/paddle_utils.py
index db68879f..13fe7b07 100644
--- a/fastNLP/core/utils/paddle_utils.py
+++ b/fastNLP/core/utils/paddle_utils.py
@@ -21,38 +21,32 @@ if _NEED_IMPORT_PADDLE:
 
 from .utils import apply_to_collection
 
-def get_device_from_visible(device: Union[str, int], output_type=int):
+def get_device_from_visible(device: Union[str, int]) -> str:
     """
-    在有 CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES 的情况下，获取对应的设备。
+    在有 ``CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES`` 的情况下，获取对应的设备。
     如 CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=2,3 ，device=3 ，则返回1。
 
     :param device: 未转化的设备名
-    :param output_type: 返回值的类型
-    :return: 转化后的设备id
+    :return: 转化后的设备，格式为 ``gpu:x``
     """
-    if output_type not in [int, str]:
-        raise ValueError("Parameter `output_type` should be one of these types: [int, str]")
     if device == "cpu":
         return device
     cuda_visible_devices = os.getenv("CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES")
     user_visible_devices = os.getenv(USER_CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES)
-    if user_visible_devices is None:
-        raise RuntimeError("`USER_CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES` cannot be None, please check if you have set "
-                            "`FASTNLP_BACKEND` to 'paddle' before using FastNLP.")
-    idx = get_paddle_device_id(device)
-    # 利用 USER_CUDA_VISIBLDE_DEVICES 获取用户期望的设备
-    if user_visible_devices is None:
-        raise RuntimeError("This situation cannot happen, please report a bug to us.")
-    idx = user_visible_devices.split(",")[idx]
-
-    cuda_visible_devices_list = cuda_visible_devices.split(',')
-    if idx not in cuda_visible_devices_list:
-        raise ValueError(f"Can't find your devices {idx} in CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES[{cuda_visible_devices}]. ")
-    res = cuda_visible_devices_list.index(idx)
-    if output_type == int:
-        return res
+    if cuda_visible_devices is not None:
+        idx = get_paddle_device_id(device)
+        if user_visible_devices is not None:
+            # 此时一定发生在分布式的情况下，利用 USER_CUDA_VISIBLDE_DEVICES 获取用户期望的设备
+            idx = user_visible_devices.split(",")[idx]
+        else:
+            idx = str(idx)
+
+        cuda_visible_devices_list = cuda_visible_devices.split(',')
+        if idx not in cuda_visible_devices_list:
+            raise ValueError(f"Can't find your devices {idx} in CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES[{cuda_visible_devices}]. ")
+        return f"gpu:{cuda_visible_devices_list.index(idx)}"
     else:
-        return f"gpu:{res}"
+        return get_paddle_gpu_str(device)
 
 def paddle_to(data, device: Union[str, int]):
     """
@@ -70,7 +64,7 @@ def paddle_to(data, device: Union[str, int]):
         return data.cuda(get_paddle_device_id(device))
 
 
-def get_paddle_gpu_str(device: Union[str, int]):
+def get_paddle_gpu_str(device: Union[str, int]) -> str:
     """
     获得 `gpu:x` 类型的设备名
 
@@ -82,7 +76,7 @@ def get_paddle_gpu_str(device: Union[str, int]):
     return f"gpu:{device}"
 
 
-def get_paddle_device_id(device: Union[str, int]):
+def get_paddle_device_id(device: Union[str, int]) -> int:
     """
     获得 gpu 的设备id
 
diff --git a/fastNLP/envs/set_backend.py b/fastNLP/envs/set_backend.py
index b75a9610..e6b9bf59 100644
--- a/fastNLP/envs/set_backend.py
+++ b/fastNLP/envs/set_backend.py
@@ -51,23 +51,33 @@ def _set_backend():
         assert _module_available(backend), f"You must have {backend} available to use {backend} backend."
         assert 'paddle' not in sys.modules, "You have to use `set_backend()` before `import paddle`."
         user_visible_devices = os.getenv(USER_CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES)
+        cuda_visible_devices = os.getenv("CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES")
         if 'PADDLE_RANK_IN_NODE' in os.environ and 'FLAGS_selected_gpus' in os.environ:
             # 在分布式子进程下，根据 USER_VISIBLE_DEVICES 得到进程真正占有的设备
             selected_gpus = os.environ['FLAGS_selected_gpus'].split(',')
             if user_visible_devices is not None:
-                # 用户通过 CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES 启动了分布式训练
+                # 用户使用 fastNLP 启动了分布式训练
                 # 此时经过 set_backend，用户的设置会保存在 USER_CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES 中
-                # 我们需要从中找到真正使用的设备编号
+                # 我们需要从中转换为用户找到真正使用的设备编号
                 user_visible_devices = user_visible_devices.split(",")
-                selected_gpus = ",".join([user_visible_devices[int(i)] for i in selected_gpus])
+                selected_gpus = [user_visible_devices[int(i)] for i in selected_gpus]
+            # 没有找到 USER_CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES，说明用户是直接用 launch 启动的
+            elif cuda_visible_devices:
+                # 用户设置了可见设备，需要进行转换
+                # 如 CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES = 0,2,3 --gpus=0,2,3
+                # 在 rank1 中此时 selected_gpus = ['1']，需要转换为设备 2
+                os.environ[USER_CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES] = cuda_visible_devices
+                cuda_visible_devices = cuda_visible_devices.split(",")
+                selected_gpus = [cuda_visible_devices[int(i)] for i in selected_gpus]
             else:
-                # 没有找到 USER_CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES，则将之设置为所有的设备
+                # 用户没有设置可见设备，则赋值成所有的设备
                 os.environ[USER_CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES] = ",".join(map(str, list(
                     range(get_gpu_count())
                 )))
             os.environ['CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES'] = ",".join(selected_gpus)
             os.environ['FLAGS_selected_gpus'] = ",".join([str(g) for g in range(len(selected_gpus))])
             os.environ['FLAGS_selected_accelerators'] = ",".join([str(g) for g in range(len(selected_gpus))])
+        
         elif 'CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES' in os.environ:
             # 主进程中，用户设置了 CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES
             # 将用户设置的 CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES hack 掉
diff --git a/tests/core/controllers/_test_trainer_fleet.py b/tests/core/controllers/_test_trainer_fleet.py
index 1a01bb5d..dd87f348 100644
--- a/tests/core/controllers/_test_trainer_fleet.py
+++ b/tests/core/controllers/_test_trainer_fleet.py
@@ -1,7 +1,15 @@
 """
-这个文件测试用户以python -m paddle.distributed.launch 启动的情况
-看看有没有用pytest执行的机会
-FASTNLP_BACKEND=paddle python -m paddle.distributed.launch --gpus=0,2,3 _test_trainer_fleet.py
+这个文件测试多卡情况下使用 paddle 的情况::
+
+    >>> # 测试用 python -m paddle.distributed.launch 启动
+    >>> FASTNLP_BACKEND=paddle python -m paddle.distributed.launch --gpus=0,2,3 _test_trainer_fleet.py
+    >>> # 测试在限制 GPU 的情况下用 python -m paddle.distributed.launch 启动
+    >>> CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0,2,3 FASTNLP_BACKEND=paddle python -m paddle.distributed.launch --gpus=0,2,3 _test_trainer_fleet.py
+    >>> # 测试直接使用多卡
+    >>> FASTNLP_BACKEND=paddle python _test_trainer_fleet.py
+    >>> # 测试在限制 GPU 的情况下直接使用多卡
+    >>> CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=3,4,5,6 FASTNLP_BACKEND=paddle python _test_trainer_fleet.py
+
 """
 import os
 import sys
@@ -71,14 +79,13 @@ def test_trainer_fleet(
 
         n_epochs=n_epochs,
         callbacks=callbacks,
-        output_from_new_proc="logs",
+        # output_from_new_proc="logs",
     )
     trainer.run()
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     driver = "paddle"
-    device = [0,2,3]
-    # driver = "paddle"
+    device = [0,1,3]
     # device = 2
     callbacks = [
         # RecordMetricCallback(monitor="acc#acc", metric_threshold=0.0, larger_better=True), 
diff --git a/tests/core/controllers/_test_trainer_fleet_outside.py b/tests/core/controllers/_test_trainer_fleet_outside.py
index 1ab2e624..f5b7fc4d 100644
--- a/tests/core/controllers/_test_trainer_fleet_outside.py
+++ b/tests/core/controllers/_test_trainer_fleet_outside.py
@@ -1,7 +1,11 @@
 """
-这个文件测试用户以python -m paddle.distributed.launch 启动的情况
-并且自己初始化了 fleet
-FASTNLP_BACKEND=paddle python -m paddle.distributed.launch --gpus=0,2,3 _test_trainer_fleet_outside.py
+这个文件测试用户自己初始化分布式环境后使用 paddle 的情况:
+
+    >>> # 测试用 python -m paddle.distributed.launch 启动
+    >>> FASTNLP_BACKEND=paddle python -m paddle.distributed.launch --gpus=0,2,3 _test_trainer_fleet_outside.py
+    >>> # 测试在限制 GPU 的情况下用 python -m paddle.distributed.launch 启动
+    >>> CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0,2,3 FASTNLP_BACKEND=paddle python -m paddle.distributed.launch --gpus=0,2,3 _test_trainer_fleet_outside.py
+
 """
 import os
 import sys
@@ -63,6 +67,7 @@ def test_trainer_fleet(
     validate_dataloaders = val_dataloader
     validate_every = MNISTTrainFleetConfig.validate_every
     metrics = {"acc": Accuracy()}
+    data_device = f'gpu:{os.environ["USER_CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES"].split(",").index(os.environ["CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES"])}'
     trainer = Trainer(
         model=model,
         driver=driver,
@@ -77,14 +82,14 @@ def test_trainer_fleet(
 
         n_epochs=n_epochs,
         callbacks=callbacks,
-        output_from_new_proc="logs",
-        data_device=f"gpu:{os.environ['CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES']}"
+        # output_from_new_proc="logs",
+        data_device=data_device
     )
     trainer.run()
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     driver = "paddle"
-    device = [0,2,3]
+    device = [0,1,3]
     callbacks = [
         # RecordMetricCallback(monitor="acc#acc", metric_threshold=0.0, larger_better=True), 
         RichCallback(5),
diff --git a/tests/core/controllers/_test_trainer_jittor.py b/tests/core/controllers/_test_trainer_jittor.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bc4b05f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/core/controllers/_test_trainer_jittor.py
@@ -0,0 +1,237 @@
+import os
+import sys
+import time
+# os.environ["cuda_archs"] = "61"
+# os.environ["FAS"]
+os.environ["log_silent"] = "1"
+sys.path.append("../../../")
+
+from datasets import load_dataset
+from datasets import DatasetDict
+import jittor as jt
+from jittor import nn, Module
+from jittor.dataset import Dataset
+jt.flags.use_cuda = True
+
+from fastNLP.core.controllers.trainer import Trainer
+from fastNLP.core.metrics.accuracy import Accuracy
+from fastNLP.core.vocabulary import Vocabulary
+from fastNLP.core.callbacks.progress_callback import RichCallback
+from fastNLP.core.callbacks.callback import Callback
+from fastNLP.core.dataloaders.jittor_dataloader.fdl import JittorDataLoader
+
+class TextClassificationDataset(Dataset):
+    def __init__(self, dataset):
+        super(TextClassificationDataset, self).__init__()
+        self.dataset = dataset
+        self.set_attrs(total_len=len(dataset))
+
+    def __getitem__(self, idx):
+        return {"x": self.dataset["input_ids"][idx], "y": self.dataset["label"][idx]}
+
+
+class LSTM(Module):
+    
+    def __init__(self, num_of_words, hidden_size, features):
+
+        self.embedding = nn.Embedding(num_of_words, features)
+        self.lstm = nn.LSTM(features, hidden_size, batch_first=True)
+        self.layer = nn.Linear(hidden_size, 2)
+        self.softmax = nn.Softmax(dim=1)
+        self.loss_fn = nn.CrossEntropyLoss()
+        
+        self.hidden_size = hidden_size
+        self.features = features
+
+    def init_hidden(self, x):
+        # batch_first
+        batch_size = x.shape[0]
+        h0 = jt.randn(1, batch_size, hidden_size)
+        c0 = jt.randn(1, batch_size, hidden_size)
+
+        return h0, c0
+
+    def execute(self, input_ids):
+
+        output = self.embedding(input_ids)
+        # TODO 去除padding
+        output, (h, c) = self.lstm(output, self.init_hidden(output))
+        # len, batch, hidden_size
+        output = self.layer(output[-1])
+
+        return output
+
+    def train_step(self, x, y):
+        x = self(x)
+        outputs = self.loss_fn(x, y)
+        return {"loss": outputs}
+
+    def evaluate_step(self, x, y):
+        x = self(x)
+        return {"pred": x, "target": y.reshape((-1,))}
+
+
+class PrintWhileTrainingCallBack(Callback):
+    """
+    通过该Callback实现训练过程中loss的输出
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, print_every_epoch, print_every_batch):
+        self.print_every_epoch = print_every_epoch
+        self.print_every_batch = print_every_batch
+
+        self.loss = 0
+        self.start = 0
+        self.epoch_start = 0
+
+    def on_train_begin(self, trainer):
+        """
+        在训练开始前输出信息
+        """
+        print("Start training. Total {} epochs and {} batches in each epoch.".format(
+            trainer.n_epochs, trainer.num_batches_per_epoch
+        ))
+        self.start = time.time()
+
+    def on_before_backward(self, trainer, outputs):
+        """
+        每次反向传播前统计loss，用于计算平均值
+        """
+        loss = trainer.extract_loss_from_outputs(outputs)
+        loss = trainer.driver.tensor_to_numeric(loss)
+        self.loss += loss
+
+    def on_train_epoch_begin(self, trainer):
+        self.epoch_start = time.time()
+
+    def on_train_epoch_end(self, trainer):
+        """
+        在每经过一定epoch或最后一个epoch时输出当前epoch的平均loss和使用时间
+        """
+        if trainer.cur_epoch_idx % self.print_every_epoch == 0 \
+            or trainer.cur_epoch_idx == trainer.n_epochs:
+            print("Epoch: {} Loss: {} Current epoch training time: {}s".format(
+                trainer.cur_epoch_idx, self.loss / trainer.num_batches_per_epoch, time.time() - self.epoch_start
+            ))
+        # 将loss清零
+        self.loss = 0
+    
+    def on_train_batch_end(self, trainer):
+        """
+        在每经过一定batch或最后一个batch时输出当前epoch截止目前的平均loss
+        """
+        if trainer.batch_idx_in_epoch % self.print_every_batch == 0 \
+            or trainer.batch_idx_in_epoch == trainer.num_batches_per_epoch:
+            print("\tBatch: {} Loss: {}".format(
+                trainer.batch_idx_in_epoch, self.loss / trainer.batch_idx_in_epoch
+            ))
+
+    def on_train_end(self, trainer):
+        print("Total training time: {}s".format(time.time() - self.start))
+
+    
+def process_data(ds: DatasetDict, vocabulary: Vocabulary, max_len=256) -> DatasetDict:
+    # 分词
+    ds = ds.map(lambda x: {"input_ids": text_to_id(vocabulary, x["text"], max_len)})
+    ds.set_format(type="numpy", columns=ds.column_names)
+    return ds
+
+def set_vocabulary(vocab, dataset):
+
+    for data in dataset:
+        vocab.update(data["text"].split())
+    return vocab
+
+def text_to_id(vocab, text: str, max_len):
+    text = text.split()
+    # to index
+    ids = [vocab.to_index(word) for word in text]
+    # padding
+    ids += [vocab.padding_idx] * (max_len - len(text))
+    return ids[:max_len]
+
+def get_dataset(name, max_len, train_format="", test_format=""):
+
+    # datasets
+    train_dataset = load_dataset(name, split="train" + train_format).shuffle(seed=123)
+    test_dataset = load_dataset(name, split="test" + test_format).shuffle(seed=321)
+    split = train_dataset.train_test_split(test_size=0.2, seed=123)
+    train_dataset = split["train"]
+    val_dataset = split["test"]
+
+    vocab = Vocabulary()
+    vocab = set_vocabulary(vocab, train_dataset)
+    vocab = set_vocabulary(vocab, val_dataset)
+
+    train_dataset = process_data(train_dataset, vocab, max_len)
+    val_dataset = process_data(val_dataset, vocab, max_len)
+    test_dataset = process_data(test_dataset, vocab, max_len)
+
+    return TextClassificationDataset(train_dataset), TextClassificationDataset(val_dataset), \
+            TextClassificationDataset(test_dataset), vocab
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+
+    # 训练参数
+    max_len = 20
+    epochs = 40
+    lr = 1
+    batch_size = 64
+
+    features = 100
+    hidden_size = 128
+
+    # 获取数据集
+    # imdb.py SetFit/sst2
+    train_data, val_data, test_data, vocab = get_dataset("SetFit/sst2", max_len, "", "")
+    # 使用dataloader
+    train_dataloader = JittorDataLoader(
+        dataset=train_data,
+        batch_size=batch_size,
+        shuffle=True,
+        num_workers=4,
+    )
+    val_dataloader = JittorDataLoader(
+        dataset=val_data,
+        batch_size=batch_size,
+        shuffle=True,
+        num_workers=4,
+    )
+    test_dataloader = JittorDataLoader(
+        dataset=test_data,
+        batch_size=1,
+        shuffle=False,
+    )
+
+    # 初始化模型
+    model = LSTM(len(vocab), hidden_size, features)
+
+    # 优化器
+    # 也可以是多个优化器的list
+    optimizer = nn.SGD(model.parameters(), lr)
+
+    # Metrics
+    metrics = {"acc": Accuracy()}
+
+    # callbacks
+    callbacks = [
+        PrintWhileTrainingCallBack(print_every_epoch=1, print_every_batch=10),
+        # RichCallback(), # print_every参数默认为1，即每一个batch更新一次进度条
+    ]
+
+    trainer = Trainer(
+        model=model,
+        driver="jittor",
+        device=[0,1,2,3,4],
+        optimizers=optimizer,
+        train_dataloader=train_dataloader,
+        validate_dataloaders=val_dataloader,
+        validate_every=-1,
+        input_mapping=None,
+        output_mapping=None,
+        metrics=metrics,
+        n_epochs=epochs,
+        callbacks=callbacks,
+        # progress_bar="raw"
+    )
+    trainer.run()
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/core/controllers/imdb.py b/tests/core/controllers/imdb.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cdf59047
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/core/controllers/imdb.py
@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+# coding=utf-8
+# Copyright 2020 The TensorFlow Datasets Authors and the HuggingFace Datasets Authors.
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+# Lint as: python3
+"""IMDB movie reviews dataset."""
+
+import datasets
+from datasets.tasks import TextClassification
+
+
+_DESCRIPTION = """\
+Large Movie Review Dataset.
+This is a dataset for binary sentiment classification containing substantially \
+more data than previous benchmark datasets. We provide a set of 25,000 highly \
+polar movie reviews for training, and 25,000 for testing. There is additional \
+unlabeled data for use as well.\
+"""
+
+_CITATION = """\
+@InProceedings{maas-EtAl:2011:ACL-HLT2011,
+  author    = {Maas, Andrew L.  and  Daly, Raymond E.  and  Pham, Peter T.  and  Huang, Dan  and  Ng, Andrew Y.  and  Potts, Christopher},
+  title     = {Learning Word Vectors for Sentiment Analysis},
+  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies},
+  month     = {June},
+  year      = {2011},
+  address   = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
+  publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
+  pages     = {142--150},
+  url       = {http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1015}
+}
+"""
+
+_DOWNLOAD_URL = "http://ai.stanford.edu/~amaas/data/sentiment/aclImdb_v1.tar.gz"
+
+
+class IMDBReviewsConfig(datasets.BuilderConfig):
+    """BuilderConfig for IMDBReviews."""
+
+    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
+        """BuilderConfig for IMDBReviews.
+        Args:
+          **kwargs: keyword arguments forwarded to super.
+        """
+        super(IMDBReviewsConfig, self).__init__(version=datasets.Version("1.0.0", ""), **kwargs)
+
+
+class Imdb(datasets.GeneratorBasedBuilder):
+    """IMDB movie reviews dataset."""
+
+    BUILDER_CONFIGS = [
+        IMDBReviewsConfig(
+            name="plain_text",
+            description="Plain text",
+        )
+    ]
+
+    def _info(self):
+        return datasets.DatasetInfo(
+            description=_DESCRIPTION,
+            features=datasets.Features(
+                {"text": datasets.Value("string"), "label": datasets.features.ClassLabel(names=["neg", "pos"])}
+            ),
+            supervised_keys=None,
+            homepage="http://ai.stanford.edu/~amaas/data/sentiment/",
+            citation=_CITATION,
+            task_templates=[TextClassification(text_column="text", label_column="label")],
+        )
+
+    def _split_generators(self, dl_manager):
+        archive = dl_manager.download(_DOWNLOAD_URL)
+        return [
+            datasets.SplitGenerator(
+                name=datasets.Split.TRAIN, gen_kwargs={"files": dl_manager.iter_archive(archive), "split": "train"}
+            ),
+            datasets.SplitGenerator(
+                name=datasets.Split.TEST, gen_kwargs={"files": dl_manager.iter_archive(archive), "split": "test"}
+            ),
+            datasets.SplitGenerator(
+                name=datasets.Split("unsupervised"),
+                gen_kwargs={"files": dl_manager.iter_archive(archive), "split": "train", "labeled": False},
+            ),
+        ]
+
+    def _generate_examples(self, files, split, labeled=True):
+        """Generate aclImdb examples."""
+        # For labeled examples, extract the label from the path.
+        if labeled:
+            label_mapping = {"pos": 1, "neg": 0}
+            for path, f in files:
+                if path.startswith(f"aclImdb/{split}"):
+                    label = label_mapping.get(path.split("/")[2])
+                    if label is not None:
+                        yield path, {"text": f.read().decode("utf-8"), "label": label}
+        else:
+            for path, f in files:
+                if path.startswith(f"aclImdb/{split}"):
+                    if path.split("/")[2] == "unsup":
+                        yield path, {"text": f.read().decode("utf-8"), "label": -1}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/core/controllers/test_trainer_paddle.py b/tests/core/controllers/test_trainer_paddle.py
index d7bfaeaf..7945e2c6 100644
--- a/tests/core/controllers/test_trainer_paddle.py
+++ b/tests/core/controllers/test_trainer_paddle.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+import os
+from typing import List
 import pytest
 from dataclasses import dataclass
 
@@ -5,6 +7,7 @@ from fastNLP.core.controllers.trainer import Trainer
 from fastNLP.core.metrics.accuracy import Accuracy
 from fastNLP.core.callbacks.progress_callback import RichCallback
 from fastNLP.envs.imports import _NEED_IMPORT_PADDLE
+from fastNLP.envs.env import USER_CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES
 
 if _NEED_IMPORT_PADDLE:
     from paddle.optimizer import Adam
@@ -34,6 +37,8 @@ def test_trainer_paddle(
         callbacks,
         n_epochs=2,
 ):
+    if isinstance(device, List) and USER_CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES not in os.environ:
+        pytest.skip("Skip test fleet if FASTNLP_BACKEND is not set to paddle.")
     model = PaddleNormalModel_Classification_1(
         num_labels=TrainPaddleConfig.num_labels,
         feature_dimension=TrainPaddleConfig.feature_dimension
diff --git a/tests/core/utils/test_paddle_utils.py b/tests/core/utils/test_paddle_utils.py
index d86d215f..96a3b41a 100644
--- a/tests/core/utils/test_paddle_utils.py
+++ b/tests/core/utils/test_paddle_utils.py
@@ -6,33 +6,38 @@ from fastNLP.core.utils.paddle_utils import get_device_from_visible, paddle_to,
 from fastNLP.envs.imports import _NEED_IMPORT_PADDLE
 if _NEED_IMPORT_PADDLE:
     import paddle
+
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
-    ("user_visible_devices, cuda_visible_devices, device, output_type, correct"),
+    ("user_visible_devices, cuda_visible_devices, device, correct"),
     (
-        ("0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7", "0", "cpu", str, "cpu"),
-        ("0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7", "0", "cpu", int, "cpu"),
-        ("0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7", "3,4,5", "gpu:4", int, 1),
-        ("0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7", "3,4,5", "gpu:5", str, "gpu:2"),
-        ("3,4,5,6", "3,5", 0, int, 0),
-        ("3,6,7,8", "6,7,8", "gpu:2", str, "gpu:1"),
+        (None, None, 1, "gpu:1"),
+        (None, "2,4,5,6", 5, "gpu:2"),
+        (None, "3,4,5", 4, "gpu:1"),
+        ("0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7", "0", "cpu", "cpu"),
+        ("0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7", "0", "cpu", "cpu"),
+        ("0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7", "3,4,5", "gpu:4", "gpu:1"),
+        ("0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7", "3,4,5", "gpu:5", "gpu:2"),
+        ("3,4,5,6", "3,5", 0, "gpu:0"),
+        ("3,6,7,8", "6,7,8", "gpu:2", "gpu:1"),
     )
 )
-@pytest.mark.paddle
-def test_get_device_from_visible(user_visible_devices, cuda_visible_devices, device, output_type, correct):
+def test_get_device_from_visible(user_visible_devices, cuda_visible_devices, device, correct):
     _cuda_visible_devices = os.getenv("CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES")
     _user_visible_devices = os.getenv("USER_CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES")
-    os.environ["CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES"] = cuda_visible_devices
-    os.environ["USER_CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES"] = user_visible_devices
-    res = get_device_from_visible(device, output_type)
+    if cuda_visible_devices is not None:
+        os.environ["CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES"] = cuda_visible_devices
+    if user_visible_devices is not None:
+        os.environ["USER_CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES"] = user_visible_devices
+    res = get_device_from_visible(device)
     assert res == correct
 
     # 还原环境变量
     if _cuda_visible_devices is None:
-        del os.environ["CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES"]
+        os.environ.pop("CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES", None)
     else:
         os.environ["CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES"] = _cuda_visible_devices
     if _user_visible_devices is None:
-        del os.environ["USER_CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES"]
+        os.environ.pop("USER_CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES", None)
     else:
         os.environ["USER_CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES"] = _user_visible_devices